Coccidia or Coccidiasina is a spore forming , microscopic , single celled sponge . They are members of the year Sporozoa and belong to the apicomplexan course of instruction Conoidasida . Coccidia are the largest mathematical group of apicomplexan protozoa . These are obligate intracellular parasite and need a host cubicle to reproduce . They usually reproduce within an brute cell and taint thegastrointestinaltract of animals and even world . The intestinal contagion because of Coccidia is jazz as coccidiosis .
Coccidiosis can occur in mammalian such as cat-o'-nine-tails , dogs and mankind ; sure birds ; fish ; reptiles ; and amphibian . These parasites typically undergo sexual reproduction and nonsexual replication alternately . The species of coccidia are usually specific in the choice of boniface exceptToxoplasmagondii . Toxoplasma gondii is the only species which has the power to infect all mammal ; however , it can undergo sexual facts of life only in cats .
Overview of Coccidiosis in Humans
Coccidiosis in humans is characterized by enteric infection link with severediarrhea . The coinage found in the subclass Coccidia that have coccidiosis in human are as follows :
Among the above , Cryptosporidium , Toxoplasma and Isopora are the most common causative parasite . Isopora is a genus of the sporozoan subclass Coccidia . Isopora belli is a species of Isopora that infect the humans . It was first record by Dr. H. M Woodcock in 1915 while studied the faeces samples of World War I soldier . This sponge is also creditworthy for a condition popularly known as “ traveller ’s diarrhea ” . Humans are , usually also affected by the species Isopora hominis . These species are constitute in the intestinal tracts and are endemic in orbit of Asia , Europe , Africa , southern Europe , Latin America and Oceania .
Coccidiosis is more mutual in immunocompromised patients ( such as renal transplant patients andAIDSpatients ) and also in malnourished children . Coccidiosis is a contagious disease and it affect the human being upon exposure to faeces of an infected animal , or upon ingestion of contaminated intellectual nourishment and water .
Causes and Risk Factors of Coccidiosis in Humans
The most common case of coccidiosis in human being is as follow :
Symptoms of Coccidiosis in Humans
The characteristic feature of coccidiosis in humans is pronounced diarrhoea , which may flip-flop with stultification . The rough-cut symptom of coccidiosis in humans admit :
Epidemiology of Coccidiosis in Humans
Coccidiosis is autochthonic in arena of Asia , Europe , Africa , southerly Europe , Latin America and Oceania . Being an infectious disease , there is no sex orientation and it bear on both virile and female equally . Coccidiosis can affect humans at any age ; however , the grimness is worse when it affects infants due to reduced immunity .
Pathophysiology of Coccidiosis in Humans
Coccidiosis in humanity presents itself as mild enteric symptoms in normal someone ; however , in infants and immunocompromised patients the symptom are grave . This precondition may be associated with eosinophilia . The most common mode of infection of I. belli is through oral - faecal contamination preponderantly in poor sanitary and unhygienic weather condition . There is unremarkably an incubation period of 3 to 14 day between ingestion of the infect material and onset of symptoms . Once the infectious oocysts are ingested , they invade the little intestine and destroy the epithelial cells there .
The life cycle of Isopora belli lie of 2 cycles , i.e. nonsexual cycles/second ( schizongony ) and sexual cycle ( gametogony ) . Both these cycles occurs in the epithelial tissue cell of humans . The infection occurs as fledged oocysts and sporozoites come in the human digestive tract after ingest contaminated food items . The oocystic and sporocystic wall will rupture due to the military action of the digestive enzymes in the bowel . This lead to release of sporozoites which get into the epithelial tissue lining of the small intestine and produce into trophozoite . The cytoplasm and the cell nucleus divide into a orotund number of merozoites through the nonsexual oscillation . After about 2 cycles , some of the merozoite enter the epithelium cells to spring microgametocytes and macrogametocytes through the sexual cycle . One male gamete feed one female gamete and a fertilized ovum is formed with a paries around it to take form unripe oocyst . These immature oocyst draw out of the body through the faeces to become mature oocyst . This in turn infect another military man and the lifecycle is gross .
Diagnosis of Coccidiosis in Humans
Diagnosis of coccidiosis in humans is generally done by an experient physician or a gastroenterologist . A thoroughgoing case account is obtain including recent history of locomotion , exposure to brute and consumption of strange and polluted item . A physical interrogation is done to rule out other potential cause of abdominal discomfort . Stool culture is done as a collateral study . demo of big typically shaped oocysts in stool samples on microscopic interrogatory forms the base of diagnosing of this consideration . Repeated can culture are recommended as the oocysts are snuff it in little amounts and intermittently . If the faecal matter examination appears negatively charged , biopsy of the duodenal specimen is advised . A train test or an Enterotest may also be recommended . The oocysts are usually visualized on a wet mount by microscope with bright field , DIC ( differential hitch line and epifluorescence . Alternately the stain may be modified by acid fast staining .
The oocysts are in immature phase when discover in fresh crapper . They are usually elongated , ovoid and flask influence . It has an out membrane and an internal membrane . They are hyaline , colourless , and transparent and at the pourboire of the narrow end there is a micropyle . There is a sporoblast or a zygote within the nucleus of the oocyst . The oocysts mature within 2 to 3 days or when 2.5 % potassium bichromate solution is introduced . The matured oocyst has 2 sporocysts which are spherical in shape with four crescent ( banana shaped ) sporozoite . This is the infective phase of the sponge .
Treatment of Coccidiosis in Humans
Coccidiosis in human race is cover with oral medications such as antibiotics like trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole ( TMP - SMZ ) . It is also used as prophylactic medicine in AIDS patient to prevent infection such as Pneumocystis carinii . The affected role is advised to remain well hydrated and drink adequate amount of fluids to have the best dehydration .
Prognosis of Coccidiosis in Humans
The symptom of coccidiosis in humans usually improve within a few days to few weeks . However , in immunocompromised patient , the symptom are more severe and healing takes more time .
Coccidiosis is an infective precondition that commonly impress hombre , dogs and other animals on exposure to a protozoal parasite known as coccidia . It can also affect humans and it is characterized by gastrointestinal soreness with severe looseness . In normal individuals , the condition resolve within a few days without any complications . However , when it impact immunocompromised patients and babe , it can go to further complicatedness . The contagion spreads through verbatim contact and uprise due to pathetic healthful condition mainly due to ingestion of polluted food and water system . Being an infective disease , it is advised to follow near hygiene practices to avoid occurrent of coccidiosis in humans .
