What is Tardive Dyskinesia?
Tardive dyskinesia is a neurological condition and a case of dyskinesia characterise by involuntary repetitive muscle movement . The meaning of the word “ tardive ” is delayed , and the meaning of “ dyskinesia ” is abnormal trend . The cause of Tardive Dyskinesia is long - terminus usance and increased dosage of anti - psychotic medicines .
Causes of Tardive Dyskinesia
The primary causa of Tardive Dyskinesia is draw out or chronic use of neuroleptic drugs that are prescribed for psychiatric weather condition . Sometimes they can also be prescribe for neurological problem . Infants and children can develop this term as a side effect of medicines used for treating gastrointestinal problem . Neuroleptic drugs act by block the receptors of the body for dopamine ; which is a neurotransmitter associated with controlling the brainiac ’s joy centers . Dopamine also plays use in the motor map of the dead body . The exact mechanism of how or why tardive dyskinesia fall out is unclear . It is however conceive to pass as a resultant role of prolonged blocking of these receptor .
Some of the neuroleptic drugs , which are responsible for causing Tardive Dyskinesia include : Prochlorperazine , amoxapine , compazine , metoclopramide , haloperidol , flunarizine , fluphenazine , trifluoperazine hydrochloride and chlorpromazine .
It often usually take months to years for tardive dyskinesia to recrudesce from the use of neuroleptics ; however , in some cases , this disorder can also develop in a thing of few weeks . seldom , drugs containing selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) , lithium and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ( SNRIs ) may also cause tardive dyskinesia ; or can cause other syndromes , which are clinically unmanageable to secern .
Risk Factors for Tardive Dyskinesia
Signs & Symptoms of Tardive Dyskinesia
Tardive dyskinesia patients experience nonvoluntary random drive of the tongue , face , rim or jaw , which produces symptoms such as :
Diagnosis of Tardive Dyskinesia
Tardive Dyskinesia is often misdiagnosed as some genial condition instead of a neurological disorder , as a result of which neuroleptic drug are prescribed leading to decline in quality of the experimental condition and further disable of the patient . This also leads to decrease in the survival stop of the patient .
Tardive Dyskinesia resemble other movement disorder such asHuntington ’s disease , Parkinson ’s disease , intellectual palsy , dystoniaandTourette syndrome , which induce it a bit hard to diagnose .
unnatural Involuntary Movement Scale ( AIMS ) is a trial which help in detecting Tardive Dyskinesia in patients who are take neuroleptic drug . This trial helps in tracking the severeness of symptoms over a period of time during the AIMS test , the patient is asked to perform a variety of move such as extending and flex weapons system , open up the mouth and walk around . The physician gauges the nonvoluntary movements occurring in the patient ’s dead body on a five - point scale . These involuntary movement includes movement of lips , face ( impudence , eyebrow , forehead ) , natural language , jaw , upper extremity ( hand , arms , fingerbreadth and wrist joint ) and lower extremities ( mortise joint , legs , toes and articulatio genus ) , berm , cervix and hips . The overall rigourousness of the movements is also assess and whether the affected role is mindful of these movements and if they do any uncomfortableness or pain .
Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia
As of now , there are no FDA approved drug for treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia . Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia otherwise differs from patient role to patient . Firstly , the doctor will minimize the dose or discontinue the use of the culprit neuroleptic drug and an alternative medication is prescribed instead . In some case , the patients may continue to have Tardive Dyskinesia even after barricade the offending medicinal drug , which is know as irreversible Tardive Dyskinesia . Xenazine is the only medicament that has been approve by the FDA for specifically treating Tardive Dyskinesia . Other medications can also help with the symptom of Tardive Dyskinesia and these includebenzodiazepines , Clozaril and Botox injections .
There are other intervention also that are being studied for handle Tardive Dyskinesia .
Prevention of Tardive Dyskinesia
The dosage of neuroleptic medicines should be the lowest and effective dose potential . The neuroleptic medicine should be taken for the light duration potential . If the affected role is suffering from schizophrenia , which is a chronic psychosis circumstance , the doctor must maintain equaliser , as increased dose of neuroleptic medication help in prevention of recurrent psychosis . Tardive Dyskinesia can be present for some months even after the transgress drug has been turn back or it can even become a permanent circumstance , which is then recognise as Irreversible Tardive Dyskinesia . It is also urge to prescribe atypical antipsychotics than distinctive antipsychotics if call for , as these have less neuromotor side effects and also hold a lower risk of developing Tardive Dyskinesia .
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